{"id":66396,"date":"2021-04-17T06:57:18","date_gmt":"2021-04-17T10:57:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ifamnews.com\/?p=66396"},"modified":"2021-04-17T06:57:20","modified_gmt":"2021-04-17T10:57:20","slug":"une-premi-re-scientifique-des-embryons-fabriqu-s-partir-de-cellules-humaines-et-de-cellules-de-singe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ifamnews.com\/fr\/une-premi-re-scientifique-des-embryons-fabriqu-s-partir-de-cellules-humaines-et-de-cellules-de-singe","title":{"rendered":"Une premi\u00e8re scientifique : des embryons fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de cellules humaines et de cellules de singe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es pass\u00e9es \u00e0 essayer sans succ\u00e8s d’injecter des cellules souches humaines dans des embryons de mouton et de porc, des scientifiques se sont aventur\u00e9s en territoire inconnu en r\u00e9ussissant \u00e0 m\u00e9langer des cellules humaines et des cellules de singe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans la revue m\u00e9dicale Cell<\/a><\/em> l’\u00e9quipe internationale de scientifiques \u00e0 l’origine de ce d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9volutionnaire d\u00e9crit la proc\u00e9dure<\/a> comme une tentative de trouver de nouveaux moyens de produire des organes pour les personnes qui ont besoin de greffes. Mais certains scientifiques s’inqui\u00e8tent de ce genre de nouvelles experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, co-auteur de l’\u00e9tude et professeur au Salk Institute for Biological Sciences de La Jolla, en Californie, est tr\u00e8s enthousiaste quant \u00e0 cette avanc\u00e9e et \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont elle peut r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande de transplantations d’organes, qu’il qualifie d'\u00a0\u00bbun des principaux probl\u00e8mes de la m\u00e9decine\u00a0\u00bb.

\u00ab\u00a0Ces connaissances nous permettront de revenir en arri\u00e8re et d’essayer de r\u00e9organiser ces voies qui permettent le d\u00e9veloppement appropri\u00e9 de cellules humaines chez ces autres animaux\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’\u00e9chec des \u00e9changes entre humains et porcs\/moutons ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es a conduit Belmonte \u00e0 collaborer avec d’autres scientifiques – la majorit\u00e9 venant de Chine – afin d'\u00a0\u00bbessayer quelque chose de diff\u00e9rent\u00a0\u00bb. L’exp\u00e9rience a consist\u00e9 \u00e0 utiliser des Cellules Souches Pluripotentes Induites<\/a> (SCPI), c’est-\u00e0-dire des cellules de peau ou de sang humain qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0reprogramm\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb pour des usages ult\u00e9rieurs. Les chercheurs ont inject\u00e9 25 cellules SCPI dans des embryons de macaques, dont le patrimoine g\u00e9n\u00e9tique est plus proche de celui des humains que celui des porcs ou des moutons. Un jour plus tard, des cellules humaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9es dans 132 des embryons. Au cours des 19 jours qu’a dur\u00e9 l’\u00e9tude des embryons, les scientifiques ont fait des d\u00e9couvertes sur la communication cellulaire entre l’homme et l’animal qui, esp\u00e8rent-ils, d\u00e9boucheront sur de nouvelles m\u00e9thodes de \u00ab\u00a0culture d’organes pour la transplantation\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La science utilise le terme \u00ab\u00a0chim\u00e8re\u00a0\u00bb pour d\u00e9crire un organisme unique compos\u00e9 de cellules ayant plus d’un g\u00e9notype<\/a> distinct. Dans la mythologie grecque, une chim\u00e8re est une cr\u00e9ature crachant du feu, ayant une t\u00eate de lion, un corps de ch\u00e8vre et une queue de serpent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La fronti\u00e8re entre fiction et r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e9tant floue, plus d’un membre de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique se m\u00e9fie de cette nouvelle \u00e9tude. Kirstin Matthews, charg\u00e9e de la science et de la technologie \u00e0 l’Institut Baker de l’Universit\u00e9 Rice, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 : \u00ab\u00a0Ma premi\u00e8re question est : pourquoi ? Je pense que le public va s’inqui\u00e9ter, et moi aussi, du fait que nous nous contentons de faire avancer la science sans avoir une v\u00e9ritable conversation sur ce que nous devrions ou ne devrions pas faire.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belmonte pr\u00e9cise que l’objectif de l’\u00e9quipe n’\u00e9tait \u00ab\u00a0pas de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer un nouvel organisme, un monstre quelconque. Nous essayons de comprendre comment les cellules de diff\u00e9rents organismes communiquent entre elles.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais certains \u00e9thiciens biologiques s’inqui\u00e8tent du fait que certains scientifiques pourraient pousser cette enveloppe jusqu’\u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d’un b\u00e9b\u00e9 \u00e0 partir d’un tel embryon. Ou qu’elle pourrait produire des animaux ayant du sperme ou des ovules humains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon Hank Greely, bio\u00e9thicien \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 de Stanford, \u00ab\u00a0je pense que les scientifiques mal intentionn\u00e9s sont rares. Mais ils y en a. Je pense donc que le moment est venu pour nous de commencer \u00e0 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la question de savoir si nous devrions laisser ces exp\u00e9riences d\u00e9passer le stade de la bo\u00eete de P\u00e9tri\u00a0\u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Matthews pose d’autres questions. \u00ab\u00a0Doit-il \u00eatre r\u00e9glement\u00e9 comme un \u00eatre humain parce qu’il contient une proportion significative de cellules humaines ? Ou devrait-il \u00eatre r\u00e9glement\u00e9 comme un animal ? Ou quelque chose d’autre ? \u00c0 partir de quel moment peut-on prendre quelque chose et l’utiliser pour des organes alors qu’il commence r\u00e9ellement \u00e0 penser et \u00e0 avoir une logique ? \u00ab\u00a0.

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les d\u00e9fenseurs de l’exp\u00e9rience invoquent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’am\u00e9liorer les transplantations d’organes. Les critiques craignent les ramifications \u00e9thiques d’une telle proc\u00e9dure et les cons\u00e9quences qu’elle pourrait avoir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":595,"featured_media":66216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"mc4wp_mailchimp_campaign":[],"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"Les d\u00e9fenseurs de l'exp\u00e9rience invoquent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'am\u00e9liorer les transplantations d'organes. 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